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Published Articles >> Table of Contents >> Abstract
November/December 2003 (Vol. 18, No. 6)
pp. 70-75
Work-arounds, Make-work, and Kludges
Philip Koopman, Carnegie Mellon University
Robert R. Hoffman, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition
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DOI Bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MIS.2003.1249172
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| Abstract |
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Paradigms are often defined partly in terms of what they are not, or in terms of what they are reacting against. The paradigm of human-centered computing is no exception. So, what is a user-hostile system? Related to that question, the terms kludge and work-around, and the related concept of make-work, have yet to be clearly defined for the intelligent systems community. Human-centered systems are different from user-hostile systems as well as from systems based on a designer-centered approach. This essay tries to clarify the senses of these three terms and suggest ways to study work-arounds, make-work, and kludges as an integral part of human-computer systems-rather than as embarrassing necessities that are best swept under the computing-research rug.
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 Additional Information
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Citation:
Philip Koopman, Robert R. Hoffman,
"Work-arounds, Make-work, and Kludges,"
IEEE Intelligent Systems,
vol. 18,
no. 6,
pp. 70-75,
Nov/Dec,
2003
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